Sophie is a DPhil student at the Oxford Internet Institute and a freelance researcher. Her doctoral research examines how normative conceptions of citizenship embedded in government digital identification platforms shape access to rights, resources, and political participation. Sophie has also conducted freelance research with organisations including UNHCR, the European Centre for Privacy and Cybersecurity, the Minderoo Centre for Technology & Democracy, and Harvard Berkman Klein Centre for Internet & Society. Her expertise lies in the social and ethical implications of digital technology use in the contexts of migration and humanitarianism.